現代書館の季刊福祉労働136号「障害者の権利条約とアジアの障害者 ７ 権利の推進 ― 政治参加」執筆にあたって作成した資料のリストである。
| 法律[1[ | 現状 | |
| インド | 大統領・副大統領選挙法(1952, 1978改正) ・21項2―政府は障害者の投票のための施策を作れる Government is allowed to regulate, "...(g) the place and hours of polling, the manner in which votes are to be given both generally and in the case of illiterate voters or voters not conversant with the language in which ballot papers are printed or voters under physical or other disability and the procedure as to voting to be followed at elections." 人民代表法(1950、2008改正) ・16項1―精神障害者の選挙人名簿登録の禁止 "A person shall be disqualified for registration in an electoral roll if he...(b) is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court..." ・102項1―上院議員としての選出および在職の禁止 "A person shall be disqualified for being chosen as, and for being, a member of either House of Parliament...(b) if he is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court..." ・191項1ー精神障害者の州議会議員の禁止 "A person shall be disqualified for being chosen as, and for being, a member of the Legislative Assembly or Legislative Council of a States...(b) if he is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court." 選挙実施法(1961, 2004改正) ・32項―視覚障害者や虚弱者の投票所への同行の許可 "The presiding officer shall regulate the number of electors, to be admitted at any one time inside the polling station and shall exclude therefrom all persons other than... (f) a person accompanying a blind or infirm elector who cannot move without help" |
・南インドのタミルナド地方では、農村部に住む障害者のサンガム（団体）運動が始まっている。14、5人の村の障害者が集まり１つのサンガムを構成する。障害の種類もまちまちである。毎月集会をもち、全員で少額のお金を積み立てる。積み立てられたお金は、会員が必要に応じて順繰りに借りていく仕組みである。（中略）村の評議員選挙に立候補者を送り込む障害者のサンガムも増え、障害者の村の政治過程への参加が盛んになりつつある。[2]
・2009年の下院議員選挙は、最高裁の決定により初めて障害者の参加が保障された。[3]しかし設備の不備など実際に投票できなった障害者は多かった。 [4] |
| インドネシア | 普通選挙法第３(1999) o29条 (2)―明らかに精神障害と分かる者の選挙人登録の禁止 "To be registered as a voter, he/she should meet the following requirements…a. not visibly suffering from mental disorder/ insanity…" 投票日指示書（投票所職員マニュアル）－障害者の投票の補佐 o If a voter is physically incapacitated and cannot vote alone, a companion may assist him. Both voter and assistant go in to the voting booth. The person assisting is bound to secrecy as to the voter's choice. |
PPUA Penca（障害をもつ市民の選挙アクセスセンター）は、2009年の大統領選挙で障害者に投票に関する教育と演習を８県で実施した。さらに総選挙委員会から視覚障害の投票者のために点字投票用紙のひな形とその他の投票用機器のデザインを依頼された。[5]
2012年8月に予定されているジャカルタ市の選挙では、障害者の投票が見込まれる投票所の調査結果では、さまざまな障害に対応しているのは1/3にも満たなかった。[6] |
| 韓国 | 公職選挙法(1994, 2010最終改正) ・18条1項―障害者（精神障害者）の選挙権の不許可 "A person falling under any of the following subparagraphs, as of election day, shall be disenfranchised...1. A person who is declared incompetent." ・151条7項―視覚障害による特別な投票用紙の使用と投票補助器の使用 "If necessary for the elector who is unable to record his vote in person due to a visual impairment, the Gu/Si/Gun election commission may make and use a special ballot paper or voting aid as prescribed by the National Election Commission Regulations." ・157条6項―障害者は家族もしくは自分で推薦した2名の支援を受けて投票可 "...one who is unable to record his vote for himself due to a visual or physical impairment may be accompanied by his family or two persons nominated by him to assist in his voting." 62条4項―障害をもつ候補者はアシスタント1名をつけられる "Any handicapped preliminary candidate or handicapped candidate determined by the National Election Commission Regulations may have an assistant (hereinafter referred to as 'assistant'), from among persons who may conduct an election campaign to assist such candidate. In such cases, no assistant shall be included in the number of election workers under paragraphs (2) and (3)." ・38条3項―移動が制限されている者の在宅投票 "A person falling under any of the following subparagraphs shall be allowed to cast a vote at a residence... 2. A person who stays for a long time in a hospital or sanatorium and is unable to move freely 3. A person who is unable to move freely on the ground of his serious physical disability. 韓国-障害者差別禁止及び権利救済等に関する法律（2007） ・27条参政権の保障 "1) 国家及び地方自治体と公職選挙の候補者及び政党は、障害者が選挙権、被選挙権、請願権等を含む参政権を行使するに当たり差別をしてならない。 2) 国家及び地方自治体は、障害者の参政権を保障するために必要な施設及び設備、参政権の行使に関する広報及び情報伝達、障害の種別及び程度に適合した投票方法等、選挙用補助器具の開発及び普及、補助員の配置等、正当な便宜を供与しなければならない。 3) 公職選挙の候補者及び政党は、障害者に候補者及び正当に関する情報を障害者ではない人と同等の程度の水準で伝達しなければならない。 |
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| カンボジア | 国会議員選挙法（1997） o 34条－精神障害者の立候補ならび選挙の禁止 "the following persons shall not be entitled to stand as candidates for election to the National Assembly…4. insane persons or persons in custody who are certified as such by a competent institution." o 97条―投票時の補佐 "Handicapped electors and electors who are otherwise unable to vote by themselves may seek the assistance of the Chairman of the polling station commission, who shall direct one of its members to help them." |
1992年の選挙では、視覚障害者が選挙人登録し、選挙法で投票に適切な補助を得られるように規定されていた。[7] 2003年の選挙では、農村の障害者は投票の際に支援を受けられることを知っていても投票所までの遠さから棄権していた。[8] |
| 北朝鮮 | 憲法66 条―投票者の知的レベルは問わない "All citizens who have reached the age of 17 shall have the right to vote and the right to be elected, irrespective of sex, race, occupation, length of residence, property and intellectual level, party affiliation, political view, or religions belief." |
選挙日が公示されると、まず有権者の登録が行われ、疾病や障害などで投票できない者は登録除外される。[9] |
| シンガポール | 憲法(1995改正) o 37条―精神障害者を大統領諮問委員からの排除 "A person shall be disqualified for appointment as a member [of the Council of Presidential Advisers] if he (a) is or has been found or declared to be of unsound mind." o45条1項―精神障害の議員の排除 "Subject to this article, a person shall not be qualified to be a Member of Parliament who (a) is and has been found or declared to be of unsound mind." 選挙法(1991) o25条7項―視覚障害等の障害者の投票の補助 "The presiding officer, on the application of a voter who is incapacitated by blindness or other physical cause from voting in the manner prescribed by this Act, shall mark the ballot paper of the voter in the manner directed by the voter, and shall cause the ballot papers to be placed in the ballot box. |
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| スリランカ | 憲法(1978) ・89項―精神障害者の大統領、国会議員としての選出、国民投票での投票禁止 "No person shall be qualified to be an elector at an election of the President, or of the Members of Parliament or to vote at any Referendum, if he is subject to any of the following disqualifications, namely...(c) if he is under any law in force in Sri Lanka found or declared to be of unsound mind..." ・91項(1)―精神障害者の議員としての選出、議員活動の禁止 "No person shall be qualified to be elected as a Member of Parliament or to sit and vote in Parliament (a) if he is or becomes subject to any of the disqualifications specified in article 89..." 議員選挙法(1981, 2009改正) ・40項(2)―投票所スタッフによる障害者の用紙の記入 "The presiding officer, on the application of any voter who is incapacitated by blindness or other physical cause from voting in accordance with the directions given for the guidance of voters in the Third Schedule to this Act shall, in the presence of another member of his polling staff, mark the ballot paper of such voter in the manner directed by the voter and shall cause such ballot paper to be placed in the ballot box." |
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| 憲法(1997改正) o106項―精神障害者の投票の禁止 "A person under any of the following prohibitions on the election day is disenfranchised: (1) being of unsound mind or mental infirmity…" o109項―精神障害者の下院議員立候補権の剥奪 "A person under any of the following prohibitions shall have no right to be a candidate in an election of members of the House of Representatives…(3) being disenfranchised under section 106(1)…" o126項―精神障害者の上院議員立候補権の剥奪 "A person under any of the following qualifications shall have no right to be a candidate in an election of senators…(4) being disenfranchised under section 109(1), (2), (3)…" 選挙法(2000) o 55項―障害者の投票にあたっての設備の提供と投票の補助 "The casting of ballot shall be made by marking a cross on the ballot paper. And for facilitating the disabled in casting ballot, the Election Commission shall provide a facilitation for casting ballot of the disabled specifically or provide assistance in casting ballot under the supervision of the committee of a polling station." |
2000年3月4日にタイで行われた上院議院選挙には、障害者運動のリーダーとして長く活躍してきたナロン・パティバサラキッチ氏や地方では聴覚障害者の候補者が出た。惜しくも200人の中には選ばれなかった。[10] | |
| 台湾 | 2011年の選挙では中央選挙委員会は以下のような措置を発表した。 ①選挙公報の録音：視覚障害者の有権者が選挙権を行使する際の参考として、候補者の政見を理解するのを助けるため、CD、テープ（中国語、台湾語、客家語）に選挙公報を録音して提供する。 ②バリアフリー設備の設置：投票所の入り口が体の不自由な有権者の出入りに不便な場合に備え、簡単なバリアフリー設備を設置する。車椅子を使用する有権者が投票所に入る際には、現場の人員がすすんで協力する他、他の有権者に事情を話し、障害者の有権者の投票を優先させる。 ③心身障害者に配慮した投票カウンターの遮蔽幕の設置：投票所には、車椅子を使用する有権者が使用するのに適した投票カウンターの遮蔽幕を設置する。 ④視覚障害者のための投票補助設備の設置：視覚障害者の有権者が投票する際には、投票所の主任管理員が投票所に視覚障害者用の投票補助設備のあること、及びその使用方法を説明し、視覚障害者の有権者が自分で投票できるよう助ける。 ⑤視覚障害者のための立会い協力や代理投票：視覚障害者の有権者が投票補助設備を使用しない場合、付き添いの家族が当該有権者の意思に従い、立ち会って投票に協力したり、代理で投票することが出来る。付き添いの家族がいない場合も、当該有権者の要求により、投票所管理員及び監察員各1人が本人の意思に従い、立ち会って投票に協力したり、代理で投票することが出来る。[11] |
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| 中国 | 選挙法(1979, 2004改正) ・26条―精神障害者の選挙人名簿記載の禁止 "Voting registration shall be held before every election for people who have reached the age of 18 since the last election, and for people whose forfeited political rights have been restored窶ｦ People who have died, or whose political rights have been forfeited in accordance with the law, shall be removed from the name lists of voters. Citizens who suffer from mental illness and are incapable of exercising their electoral rights shall, upon determination by the election committee, not be included in the roll of voters." ・36条―代理記入による投票補佐 "A secret ballot shall be adopted to elect deputies to the national and various levels of the people's congresses. A voter who is illiterate or disabled and cannot write on his ballot may entrust someone to write for them." |
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| ネパール | 2008年の制憲議会選挙では、障害者の優先投票もきちんと行われていた。[12] 制憲議会601人のうち、選挙では障害者は1人しか選ばれなかったので障害者団体がハンガーストを行い、内閣指名26名枠に車いすの女性が入った.[13] |
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| パキスタン | 憲法(1973, 2010改正) 51項(2)―精神障害者の投票の禁止 "A person shall be entitled to vote if... (d) he is not declared by a competent court to be of unsound mind." 普通選挙実施命令(2002) ・8D項(2)―精神障害者の国会または県議会議員としての選出・任命の禁止 "A person shall be disqualified from being elected or chosen as, and from being, a member of Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) or a Provincial Assembly, if (a) he is of unsound mind and has been so declared by a competent court..." 人民代表（選挙実施）規則(1977) ・18項(1)―障害者は同行者にによる投票用紙の記入可 "If an elector is totally blind or physically otherwise so incapacitated as to require the help of a companion, the Presiding Officer may allow him to be accompanied by a companion of not less than twenty-one years of age; and, in case the disability is such that the elector cannot mark the ballot himself, the person accompanying the elector may mark the ballot paper as indicated by the elector." |
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| バングラデシュ | 憲法(2004) ・66条2項―裁判所が精神障害と認めた者の選挙活動または議員在職の禁止 a person is "disqualified for election as, or for being, a member of Parliament who...(a) is declared by a competent court to be of unsound mind..." ・122章2項―裁判所が精神障害があると認めた者の選挙者名簿記載の禁止 "A person shall be entitled to be enrolled on the electoral roll for a constituency delimited the purpose of election to Parliament, if he...(c) does not stand declared by a competent court to be of unsound mind" 選挙法（1972, 2009改正) ・31条7項―視覚障害などの障害者の投票 "Where an elector is blind or is otherwise so incapacitated that he cannot vote without the assistance of a companion, the Presiding Officer shall allow him such assistance and thereupon such elector may do with such assistance anything which an elector is required or permitted to do under this order |
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| 東チモール | 2012の独立初の大統領・議員選挙では病院でも投票が行われたが、投票所での障害者配慮はなかった。[14] | |
| ブータン | 選挙法(2008) ・102項―精神障害者の選挙人名簿登録の禁止 "A person shall be disqualified for registration in the Electoral Roll of a constituency, if such a person is...(b) of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent Court." ・358項―投票の際の障害者の補佐人の同行の許可 "The Presiding Officer shall permit a physically challenged voter to take with him/her a companion to the voting compartment for recording the vote on the ballot paper or on the voting machine, if he/she is satisfied that owing to his/her physical infirmity, a voter is unable to recognize the symbols on the ballot paper or to make a mark thereon or to record his/her vote in the voting machine, without assistance. Provided that no person shall be permitted to act as the companion of more than one voter at any polling station for a particular election." |
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| フィリピン | 憲法:(1987) o 5条1項―投票権の明記 "Suffrage may be exercised by all citizens of the Philippines not otherwise disqualified by １law, who are at least eighteen years of age… No literacy, property, or other substantive requirement shall be imposed on the exercise of suffrage." ・5条2項―他者の支援なく投票できるような方法の整備 "…The Congress shall also design a procedure for the disabled and the illiterates to vote without the assistance of other persons. Until then, they shall be allowed to vote under existing laws and such rules as the Commission on Elections may promulgate to protect the secrecy of the ballot." 障害者のマグナカルタ o 29条―自分で選んだ補助者を使っての投票 "Disabled persons shall be allowed to be assisted by a person of his choice in voting in the national or local elections. The person thus chosen shall prepare the ballot for the disabled voter inside the voting booth. The person assisting shall bind himself in a formal document under oath to fill out the ballot strictly in accordance with the instructions of the voter and not to reveal the contents of the ballot prepared by him. Violation of this provision shall constitute an election offence. Polling places should be made accessible to disabled persons during national or local elections." |
2011年７月18‐23日には障害者投票者登録週間を実施し、新たに2279人が登録。[15] 2013年5月の選挙での投票を目指して、2012年にFully Abled Nationと題するキャンペーンを立ち上げた。[16] 選挙委員会では2013年5月の選挙のために、投票所の１階に10人以上が入れるアクセシブルな投票所を創設することになった。[17] Polling Center Accessibility Act（投票センターアクセシビリティ法）法案が今上院に上程されている。[18] 2013年の選挙には障害者の政党2党が承認された。[19] |
| ベトナム | 選挙法(1994) o2条―精神障害者の投票権と立候補権の禁止 "All citizens of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam…who have reached 18 years of age, are eligible to vote, and who have reached 21 years of age, are eligible to stand for election to the People's Council in accordance with law, except that they are mentally deficient and those who are stripped of these rights by law or by the People's Court." o 13条―障害者施設での投票所の開設 "…A hospital, sanitarium, maternity house or a nursing home for handicapped people with fifty voters or above can set up a separate polling station." o41条2項―投票所へいけない場合での選挙チームによる家への移動投票箱の設置 "In case the voters are so sick, old and weak or handicapped that they cannot personally go to the polling station, the Election Team may bring the mobile ballot box to their places of residence so that these voters can cast their ballots." |
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| マレーシア | 憲法(1998改正) o 48条1項―精神障害による議員資格停止 "Subject to the provisions of this Article, a person is disqualified for being a member of either House of Parliament if (a) he is and has been found or declared to be of unsound mind." o119条3項―精神障害者の投票禁止 "A person is disqualified for being a elector in any election to the House of Representatives or the Legislative Assembly if (a) on the qualifying date he is detained as a person of unsound mind or is serving a sentence of imprisonment." |
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| モルディブ | 憲法(2008) ・73項(a)―健全な精神の者が議員資格 ・A person elected to be a member of the People's Majlis shall be so qualified if he...5. ﾂis of sound mind..." ・109項― "A person elected as president shall have the following qualifications...(d) be of sound mind..." Section 130, subsection (a) states, "A person shall be qualified to be a member of the Cabinet if he...5. is of sound mind." Section 149, subsection (b) states, "In addition to the qualifications specified in (a), a Judge shall possess the following qualifications... 4. be of sound mind" |
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| モンゴル | 国家イフホラル総選挙法（1992）[20] ・2条―医師または裁判所により精神障害とされた者の投票の禁止 "Elections to the State Great Hural...shall be universal. Citizens of Mongolia...shall have the right to vote, with the exception of persons who have been proved insane by the medical experts and/or court decisions, and those who are incarcerated." ・35条―投票の補佐 "The elector shall be alone in the polling booth. However, and elector who is unable to mark his/her vote by himself/herself may be assisted by his/her trusted person. However, election officers of the parties, coalitions and personal assistants of independent candidates or members of election committees and observers shall not be allowed to assist in this case." |
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| ラオス | 憲法（1991） o 23条―精神障害者の投票禁止 "Lao citizens 18 years of age and over have the right to vote and the right to be elected at the age of 21 and over except insane persons and the persons whose rights to vote and to be elected have been revoked by a court." |
脚注
[1]IFES Global Initiative to Enfranchise People
with Disabilities http://www.electionaccess.org/
[2]高峯豊「アジアの障害者運動」ノーマライゼーション、1997年10月
[3]Infochange, Disabled on an equal footing this election dated
on 22 April 2009 http://infochangeindia.org/disabilities/features/disabled-on-an-equal-footing-this-election.html
[4]Accessible General Election of India https://sites.google.com/site/accessibleelections/experience
[5]Sebayang, Heppy, Paper presented at the Regional Dialogue on
Access to Elections for Persons with Disabilities in Feb. 2012
http://www2.agendaasia.org/index.php/download-alls/category/7-presentation-materials
[6]International foundation for Electoral Systems, Elections in
Jakarta: A Local Poll with National Significance, 12 July 2012
http://www.ifes.org/Content/Publications/Interviews/2012/Elections-in-Jakarta-A-Local-Poll-with-National-Significance.aspx?utm_medium=email&utm_source=MyNewsletterBuilder&utm_content=227653791&utm_campaign=Express+An+IFES+e-Newsletter+-+July+2012+1411407316&utm_term=Learn+More+raquo#.UAj5iwZvUqk.facebook
[7]阪口直人、ＮＧＯが行う選挙監視活動 インターバンドの新たな試み－カンボジア選挙監視ミッション運営の視点から、http://homepage2.nifty.com/naoto1016/garally/cambodia%20election%200307.htm
[8]世一乃里子、カンボジア農村社会の開発についての考察、http://www.interband.org/cambodia/2003yoichi.html
[9]北朝鮮・公職選挙、http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD#.E5.85.AC.E8.81.B7.E9.81.B8.E6.8C.99
[10]http://www.asiadisability.com/~yuki/ELEC.html
[11]14日の選挙投票で心身障害者に優しい措置、Taiwan Today, http://taiwantoday.tw/ct.asp?xItem=184778&ctNode=1770
[12]内閣府国際平和協力本部事務局、ネパール選挙監視国際平和協力隊２００８年活動報告書、、http://www.pko.go.jp/PKO_J/data/other/pdf/nepal_e2008/700.pdf
[13]西村愛志、ネパール事情、アジア障害者問題研究会での発表、2011年5月7日
[14]UNDP A new opportunity for the disabled in Timor-Leste elections
http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/ourwork/democraticgovernance/successstories/timor-leste-makes-special-efforts-to-help-disabled-people-vote-i/
[15]JESUSA SIQUIJOR-MAGBANUA, Paper presented at the Regional
Dialogue on Access to Elections for Persons with Disabilities
in Feb. 2012 http://www2.agendaasia.org/index.php/download-alls/category/7-presentation-materials
[16]Inquirer News, Campaign launched to make voting by handicapped
easier, April 14th, 2012 http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/176741/campaign-launched-to-make-voting-by-handicapped-easier
[17]Inquirer News, Comelec makes it easier for the disabled to
vote, April 2nd14th, 2012 http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/221777/comelec-makes-it-easier-for-the-disabled-to-vote
[18]Philstar, April 26, 2012, Hataman's first 100 days/ Fully
Abled Nation, http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?publicationSubCategoryId=64&articleId=800744
[19]Lauro Purcil, mail to IDA_CRPD_Forum dated on 11 July 2012
[20]2011年に改正されたが、精神障害及び投票の補佐に関する条項は変更がないようである
（2012年7月27日作成）